In a signal transduction pathway, the response stage is activated by enzymes called kinases and the response is turned off by enzymes called signaling is turned off by enzymes called phosphodiesterase.
The interaction of extracellular signaling molecules and ligands to receptors on the cell surface or inside the cell that activate actions inside the cell to elicit a response is referred to as the signal transduction pathway. The reaction can then change the metabolism, shape, and gene expression of the cell.
Phosphodiesterase (PDEs) are enzymes that control the intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate, and so play an important role in a variety of cellular activities. Phosphodiesterase (PDEs) are enzymes that regulate cAMP and cGMP homeostasis. They are members of a protein family that encompasses 11 subfamilies with varying substrate specificities. Their primary purpose is to catalyze cAMP, cGMP, or both hydrolysis reactions.
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what system protects outer cover if that body
Answer:
This would be the The integumentary system
Explanation:
I will write it in comments
Arrange these components of the mammalian immune system as it first responds to a pathogen in the correct sequence. I. Pathogen is destroyed and digested and parts are presented. II. Lymphocytes secrete antibodies. III. Antigens from pathogens bind to matching receptors on lymphocytes. IV. Lymphocytes specific to a pathogen's antigens become numerous. V. Only memory cells remain.
Answer:
The correct sequence is:III) Antigenic determinants from pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes.
IV) Lymphocytes specific to antigenic determinants from pathogen become numerous.
II) Lymphocytes secrete antibodies.
I) Pathogen is destroyed.
V) Only memory cells remain.
Explanation:
Effective resistance against infection is essential for the development and functioning of the mammalian organism, and for it to be effective, multiple defense systems must be available. In order to meet these objectives, the body has developed a complex system of overlapping and interrelated defense mechanisms, which together can destroy or control almost all invaders.III) Antigenic determinants from pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes. It consists of the binding of the foreign antigen to the specific receptors existing on the membrane of mature lymphocytes. The B lymphocytes that mediate humoral immunity express antibody molecules on their surface, which bind to foreign proteins, polysaccharides or lipids in their soluble form; T lymphocytes, responsible for cellular immunity, express so-called T cell receptors (TCR), which recognize small sequences of antigenic peptides.
IV) Lymphocytes specific to antigenic determinants from pathogen become numerous.II) Lymphocytes secrete antibodies.
Activation phase: sequence of events that occur in lymphocytes as a result of specific antigen recognition. All lymphocytes undergo two fundamental changes: a) proliferation: expansion of antigen-specific clones and amplification of the protective response, in which the CD4 T lymphocyte, capable of activating CD8 B and T lymphocytes, assumes a preponderant role; b) differentiation: stage in which effector cells and memory cells are formed. The first produce various substances that can interact with the antigen, such as antibodies and lymphokines; the second are partially differentiated lymphocytes, that is, they do not become effector cells.
I) Pathogen is destroyed.
In this phase, the T lymphocytes differentiated into effector cells migrate to the sites of attack, where they carry out their functions of eliminating pathogens, while the B lymphocytes perform them in the peripheral organs themselves.
V) Only memory cells remain.
One of the most important consequences of the adaptive immune response is the establishment of the state of immunological memory, which lies in the ability of the immune system to respond more quickly and efficiently to microorganisms that have previously infected the host and it reflects the preexistence of a clonally expanded population of antigen-specific lymphocytes. We call, therefore, the immune response that the organism gives when it comes into contact for the first time with a foreign agent and from which a series of events derives that include nonspecific innate defense mechanisms and adaptive response mechanisms, if the pathogen manages to survive the first ones.
Pls help me out here!!!
In two or more complete sentences compare transformation and transfection gene therapies.
Answer:
The main difference between transfection and transformation is that the transfection refers to the introduction of foreign DNA. Into mammalian cells while the transformation refers to the introduction of foreign DNA into bacterial, yeast or plant cells.
Explanation:
Hope this helps have a nice day!
The diagram shows a large pond that dried out and formed into two smaller ponds.
What type of speciation occurred in the fish?
A. allopatric
B. peripatric
C. parapatric
D. sympatric
Answer:
A. allopatric
Explanation:
Allopatric speciation consists of the geographic separation of a continuous genetic background -population-, giving place to two or more new geographically isolated populations. These separations might be due to migration, extinction of geographically intermediate individuals, or geological events. In this type of speciation, some barriers impede genetic interchange or flow. The populations are separated by a barrier and can not get together and mate anymore. These barriers might be geographical or ecological.
When a geographical barrier emerges, this is known as a vicariant event. Vicariance is the geographical separation of a population imposed by discontinuities in the physical environment that divides populations that originally were continuous. The process of vicariant allopatric speciation involves different steps:
• The emergence of the barrier.
• Interruption in the genetic interchange
• The occurrence of new mutations and their accumulation in time in each population. Slow and gradual differentiation.
• Genetic divergence by natural selection and reproductive isolation makes it impossible for the two groups to mate even if the barrier disappears.
• Prezigotic isolation mechanisms favored by selection once a secondary contact between the new formating species occurs.
So in the exposed example, the original population was composed of fishes living in a pond under the same environmental conditions and selective pressures.
However, with time, the pond dried, causing a decrease in water level and the emergence of a new physical barrier. The original population got separated by a piece of ground, and the original pond turned into two smaller ponds. The physical barrier is now interrupting the genetic flow between both groups.
Animals on each pond suffer from different environmental pressures to which they need to adapt. New mutations occur, leading to genetic divergence between the two separated groups. Two species emerged, red fishes and blue fishes.
Which of the following pollutants is found in old paint and gasoline and can cause brain damage and learning problems?
A. particulate matter
B. lead
C. coal dust
D. pesticides
Other:
Answer:
Lead
Explanation:............
None
Will give brainliest
Answer:
d i think
Explanation:
Which of the following is not true about groundwater
A)
Its a long-term reservoir
B)
Significant during drought
C)
It is the only source of freshwater
D)
It is replenished by surface water
the correct statement is
D. It is replenished by surface water
Answer:
C - it is the only source of freshwater
Explanation:
Surface water is another source of freshwater, rendering this statement not true
If a person is normovolemic and consumes a large quantity of a hyperosmotic solution, it will ________. If a person is normovolemic and consumes a large quantity of a hyperosmotic solution, it will ________. cause cells to shrink due to a decrease in the osmolarity of extracellular fluid cause cells to swell due to a decrease in the osmolarity of extracellular fluid cause cells to swell due to an increase in the osmolarity of extracellular fluid have no effect on cell osmolarity and thereby cell size cause cells to shrink due to an increase in the osmolarity of extracellular fluid
Answer:
cause cells to shrink due to an increase in the osmolarity of extracellular fluid.
Explanation:
Normovolemic describes the situation in which a living organism maintains a normal volume or amount of blood in the body.
A hyperosmotic solution can be defined as a solution having an increased level of osmotic pressure. Thus, when there's a greater amount of solute with respect to another solution in a membrane with close similarities, it is known as hyperosmotic solution.
Basically, hyperosmotic solution gives rise to higher difference between solutes and similar solutions.
Hence, when a normovolemic person consumes a large quantity of a hyperosmotic solution, it will cause cells to shrink due to an increase in the osmolarity of extracellular fluid i.e the total number of solute particles with respect to the concentration of a solution (Osm/L).
Which tissue found in the centre of bones produces blood cells?
Exit Ticke
Answer the following question by filling in the blank from the word bank:
A scientist was observing a unicellular organism over a period of time. He noticed
that vacuoles kept moving to the same place in the plasma (cell) membrane to
empty their contents outside the cell.
The organism that was being observed was a
a) Euglena
c) Volvox
d) Paramecium
b) Amoeba
add sneaker notes
Answer:
D) Paramecium
Explanation:
Sorry if my answer is wrong
Please help will give brainliest
Answer:
i think it is c
Explanation:
How are ecosystems affected by landslides?
Answer: Landslides can overwhelm, and even pollute streams and waterbodies with excess sediment. In extreme cases they can dam streams and rivers, impacting both water quality and fish habitat. Landslides can wipe out large tracts of forest, destroy wildlife habitat, and remove productive soils from slopes.
Select the correct answer.
Matt is a student preparing for a test on veterinary science. He wants to know what type of noninfectious disease describes all kinds of
cancerous growths. Which type of disorder includes cancerous growths?
A metabolic
B. neoplastic
C. degenerative
D. genetic
Answer:
b i think i am sorry if am wrong
Explanation:
How many active volcanoes in Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao?
when does a star start to die
Answer:
Several billion years after its life starts, a star will die. How the star dies, however, depends on what type of star it is. Stars Like the Sun. When the core runs out of hydrogen fuel, it will contract under the weight of gravity. However, some hydrogen fusion will occur in the upper layers. As the core contracts, it heats up.
Water power is a clean and renewable source of energy, but has many drawbacks. Which of the statement describes how hydropower does not impact the environment?
A)
Large dams and reservoirs flood land habitats and change them to water habitats, forever changing the landscape and environment.
B)
Dams block the migration of fish.
C)
Dams trap moving sediment causing sand depletion and reservoir damage.
D)
Large dams create earthquakes, which increases the probability of dam failure and flooding.
E)
All of the above
Answer: E all of the above
Explanation:
if an animal is born with black fur but never had a black phenotype, would it be a mutation??
what system carries auxin to move to the darker side?
a) dermal
b) immune
c) reproductive
d) vascular
Which is a requirement for diffusion to take place?
Answer:
Explanation: Diffusion is a process that allows particles to move from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration. The process requires that particles are moving. As long as particles are not at a temperature of 0K (absolute zero) they have kinetic energy (energy of movement)
Why might parasitic roots have developed in plants like the mistletoe?
Answer:
Mistletoe is a parasite – it steals water and nutrients from trees. Technically, it is a “hemiparasite”, which means that it can generate some of its own resources through photosynthesis – it just needs that energetic kick from the sun to fuel the biological siege and subsequent invasion of the tree
Explanation:
Solid waste includes all of the following except
A. agricultural waste
B. methane
C. plastics
D. food waste
Answer:
B. methane
Explaination: ...............................
Help im stuck on this question
How are fossil fuels related to climate change?
A. Fossil fuels absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, as they
burn.
B. Fossil fuels release carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, as they
burn
C. Fossil fuels release a great deal of heat as they burn.
D. Fossil fuels are greenhouse gases.
Answer:
B. Fossil fuels release carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, as they
burn
On Earth, human activities are changing the natural greenhouse. Over the last century the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil has increased the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). This happens because the coal or oil burning process combines carbon with oxygen in the air to make CO2.
B. Fossil fuels release carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, as they burn.
What are fossil fuels?Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources that are formed over millions of years from the remains of dead plants and animals. They include coal, oil, and natural gas, which are used to generate energy and power many modern-day technologies.
Fossil fuels are found in deposits beneath the Earth's surface, and they are extracted through mining or drilling. They are burned to release energy in the form of heat or electricity, making them a primary source of energy for transportation, electricity generation, heating, and cooling. However, the burning of fossil fuels also releases greenhouse gases, which contribute to climate change and other environmental problems.
When fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are burned, they release carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
These greenhouse gases trap heat from the sun, causing a warming effect on the Earth's surface. This phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect, and it is a significant contributor to climate change.
As the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere continues to increase, the Earth's temperature rises, leading to changes in climate patterns, rising sea levels, and more frequent extreme weather events.
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PLEASE HELP ME!!!!
IT IS FOR BIOLOGY!!!
Answer:
B.
Explanation:
If the fish population is decreasing, then there will be a loss in biodiversity, then causing a problem in the ecosystem.
what system carries auxin to move to the darker side?
Vascular system.
Phototropisms are caused by an unequal distribution of auxin. This makes the plant grow either towards or away from the light, depending on which part of the plant receives the light.
In a stem, the cells on the shaded side contain more auxin and grow longer than the cells on the light side. This causes the stem to grow towards the light. It is vital to note that the plant does NOT bend towards the light.
Phototropisms are a result of an unequal distribution of auxin. This makes the plant develop both in the direction of or far from the mild, relying on which part of the plant gets the mild.
In a stem, the cells at the shaded aspect comprise greater auxin and develop longer than the cells at the mild aspect. This reasons the stem to develop in the direction of the mild. It is crucial to be aware that the plant does NOT bend in the direction of the mild.
What are auxins?Auxins are a category of plant hormones (or plant-boom regulators) with a few morphogen-like characteristics. Auxins play a cardinal position in the coordination of many boom and behavioral procedures in plants cycles and are important for plant frame development.
Thus it is clear that the system that carries auxin to move to the darker side is the vascular system.
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Two dogs pull on a rope. One dog pulls with a force of 5 N to the left, and the other dog pulls with a force of 3 N to the right. What is the result?
A.The rope remains in place.
B.The rope moves to the left.
C.The rope moves to the right.
D.The rope has a balanced force applied to it.
Answer: It's B because there is more force pulling to the left.
Hope it helps. Brainliest?
1. The innate tendeney of offspring to resemble their parents is called
a) varaition
b) herldity
c) Inheritance
d) resemblance
6. What is causing the Earth to become imbalanced with carbon-based molecules.
Answer:
Human activities are causing imbalance of carbon based molecule.
Explanation:
It is the human intervention in the most unavoidable way that is affecting the environmental cycle and one of these cycle is the carbon cycle. Human activities such as burning of fossil fuels, excessive cutting of trees, rising green house effect, use of CFCs etc is hindering the environment process and hence causing imbalance on the earth.
You are a mad scientist. You have figured out a way to replace one part of the respiratory and circulatory systems. You believe by doing this one thing you can create an army of physically unbeatable warriors and conquer the world. (Remember you are MAD!) a - What part would you replace to accomplish this? b - What would you replace it with? c - Explain your thinking on how doing this would help create these powerful warriors.
Answer:
I'd proceed to order pipes from ebay as to replace said parts.
During the process I'd question why is there an army of beef-cake Mega-Men in my basement.
Since I'm a mad scientist I'd make some type of body armor that enhances durability, Thus allowing my warriors to remain standing tall while taking a few rounds of a some good ol' bullet lead.
I would also use BIO-Tech enhancing their skin durability to take the deepest of cuts. Muscle definition and power so my men could slap an Elephant to next week.
(Or atleast until the government find out about the absolute units in my basement and arrest me)
"How is it possible that siblings with the same parents can have such different traits, such as skin tone?"
Answer:
is there options?
Explanation:
Explanation