In the early 1900's, Paul Drüde came up with the "sea of electrons" metallic bonding theory by modeling metals as a mixture of atomic cores (atomic cores = positive nuclei + inner shell of electrons) and valence electrons. Metallic bonds occur among metal atoms. Whereas ionic bonds join metals to non-metals, metallic bonding joins a bulk of metal atoms. A sheet of aluminum foil and a copper wire are both places where you can see metallic bonding in action.
Metals tend to have high melting points and boiling points suggesting strong bonds between the atoms. Even a soft metal like sodium (melting point 97.8°C) melts at a considerably higher temperature than the element (neon) which precedes it in the Periodic Table. Sodium has the electronic structure 1s22s22p63s1. When sodium atoms come together, the electron in the 3s atomic orbital of one sodium atom shares space with the corresponding electron on a neighboring atom to form a molecular orbital - in much the same sort of way that a covalent bond is formed.
The difference, however, is that each sodium atom is being touched by eight other sodium atoms - and the sharing occurs between the central atom and the 3s orbitals on all of the eight other atoms. Each of these eight is in turn being touched by eight sodium atoms, which in turn are touched by eight atoms - and so on and so on, until you have taken in all the atoms in that lump of sodium. All of the 3s orbitals on all of the atoms overlap to give a vast number of molecular orbitals that extend over the whole piece of metal. There have to be huge numbers of molecular orbitals, of course, because any orbital can only hold two electrons.
The electrons can move freely within these molecular orbitals, and so each electron becomes detached from its parent atom. The electrons are said to be delocalized. The metal is held together by the strong forces of attraction between the positive nuclei and the delocalized electrons Hope this helped
If you push repelling ends of magnets together really hard and let go of one of the magnets, you will have done what?
When you push repelling ends of magnets together really hard and let go of one of the magnets, you have reduced the potential energy between the magnets.
What is the magnet?When we talk about a magnet, we are talking about a material in which the magnetic domains have been properly aligned. The implication of this is that the material is able to cause the magnetic fields of other materials to also become aligned.
Thus the magnet is able to pick up the materials that are magnetizable such as the metals that can be attracted by it. If two magnets are repelling, the potential energy between the magnets would decrease as the magnet are being pushed apart.
As such, when you push the magnets together, the potential energy that is existing between the magnets would become reduced.
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What mass of sodium nitrate will dissolve in 100 grams of water at 20 C?
At 20°C, 100 grams of water can dissolve up to 37.2 grams of sodium nitrate.
What is dissolve?Dissolving is a physical process where a solid material is broken down into smaller particles and distributed within a liquid. This process can be achieved through several methods, such as applying heat, pressure, chemical reactions, or mechanical agitation. In a physical sense, dissolving is a process of taking a solid or liquid and forming a solution, which is a mixture of two or more substances. Dissolving is an important process in many industries, such as food production, pharmaceuticals, and chemical engineering. Dissolving is also used in everyday life, such as when adding sugar to tea or coffee.
This is due to the fact that sodium nitrate has a solubility of 37.2g/100g of water at 20°C. Solubility is the maximum amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent (in this case, water). As the temperature increases, the solubility of sodium nitrate also increases.
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Please fully evaluate the IR spectrum of dibenzalacetone. Please include the IR absoprtion frequencies of the functional groups, type of vibration (bend, stretch), as well as the functional group that caused those frequencies (ketone, aromatic, etc...).
For example:
C-H Stretch
Aromatic
3000-3100 cm-1
The IR absorption frequencies of the functional groups is follows 3000-3300-Sp2 C-H stretching; 1500-1800-C=O stretching; 1400 -1500-Aromatic C=C stretching; 600-900-Alkene =C-H bending.
A number of steps are used to demonstrate the base-catalyzed aldol condensation synthesis of dibenzalacetone. The electrophilic carbonyl carbon in benzaldehyde is attacked in step one by an acetone anion acting as a nucleophile, resulting in the formation of a hydroxyl ketone.
After the hydroxide exits in step two, a double bond is created. The active nucleophile then transforms into an intermediate and attacks a benzaldehyde to create the second hydroxyl ketone.
In step three, the reaction is repeated, resulting in the formation of a second double bond, dibenzalacetone. There are three possible isomers of dibenzalacetone. Trans, trans (E,E), trans, cis (E,Z), and cis, cis are the three distinct isomers (Z,Z).
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Please answer the 12 steps thank you Design a synthesis of 3-cyanocyclopentanol from cyclopentanol. OH OH CN Part 1 out of 12 ces Choose the best option for the immediate precursor to the target molecule. OH
The chemical equations showing synthesis of 3-cyanocyclopentanol from cyclopentanol is attached in the image below.
What is chemical equation?Chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction which is written in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactants are present on the left hand side while the products are present on the right hand side.
The first chemical equation was put forth by Jean Beguin in 1615.By making use of chemical equations the direction of reaction ,state of reactants and products can be stated. In the chemical equations even the temperature to be maintained and catalyst can be mentioned.
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Matter -Is anything that takes up space and has mass
Answer: True
Explanation: physical substance in general, as distinct from mind and spirit; (in physics) that which occupies space and possesses rest mass, especially as distinct from energy.
Is 0.5 NaCl hypotonic or hypertonic?
0.5 NaCl is definitely hypotonic.
What is hypotonic?Hypotonic is a term used to describe a solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution, such as a cell. In osmosis, water will move from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. This can cause a cell to swell and burst when placed in a hypotonic solution.
This means that it has a lower concentration of solutes than the other solution, or the cell in which it is placed. It can help to draw water out of the cell, which can cause a cell to swell or even burst if too much water is drawn out. Hypotonic solutions are used to help treat dehydration and to aid in the absorption of medications.
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Which elements form ionic bonds?
The elements which tends to form ionic bonds are metals and non-metals. Hence, the compounds that are formed from metals and nonmetals have ionic bonds between them.
Ionic bond, also known as electrovalent bond is a type of linkage that is formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound. Ionic bonds are formed when the valence (outermost) electrons of one atom are transferred permanently to another atom.
Ionic compounds are generally formed between elements that are metals and elements that are nonmetals. For example, let's consider the metal calcium (Ca) and the nonmetal chlorine (Cl) form the ionic compound calcium chloride (CaCl₂). In this ionic compound, there are two negative chloride ions (anions) for each positive calcium ion (cations).
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FILL IN THE BLANK. ______ contain(s) many ______, and ______ are instructions for producing ______.
Chromosomes contain many genes, and genes are instructions for producing proteins.
Chromosomes are thread-like objects that are found in the nucleus (core) of cells. One chromosome is made up of one protein and one DNA molecule. Different chromosome sizes can be packed together into a nucleus thanks to proteins called histones. Our chromosomes would be as tall as ours without them. The exact instructions needed by your cells to create a distinct you are provided by your chromosomes.
There should be 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans (46 total). Chromosomes are divided into one pair of sex chromosomes and 22 numbered pairs (autosomes) (X and Y). You receive a pair of chromosomes, one from each parent. The building blocks of your body are your genes. The instructions to produce proteins are provided by some genes. Your body receives instructions from proteins about the kinds of physical traits you ought to have, such as your hair and eye colour. Some genes produce RNA that performs additional functions.
Hence, genetic information is translated into protein based on need.
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What is the orbital of C?
When a carbon atom bonds with one s-orbital and two p orbitals, it becomes sp2 hybridized. Between the three atoms, two single bonds and one double bond are formed.
What is Hybridization of carbon ?
Four sp3 orbitals are created when the 2s and all three of the 2p orbitals of carbon combine. Through an overlap of the sp3 and s orbitals, these orbitals subsequently form a link with four hydrogen atoms to form methane.
According to the given question:
Carbon consists of six electrons. In the 1s orbital, just outside the nucleus, there will be two of them. The following two will enter the orbital phase 2s. The rest will be split into two distinct 2p orbitals.
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Draw the Lewis structure for CH2O2
There are 18 valence electrons in total, and eight of them are used to create the four sigma covalent bonds in HCOOH ([tex]CH_{2}O_{2}[/tex]). Lewis structure is given below.
There are 18 valence electrons in the Lewis structure of HCOOH. Eight bonding electrons from them create four sigma covalent bonds in the Lewis structure of HCOOH. The last 10 electrons are non-bonding electrons that are located on the two oxygen atoms of the Lewis structure of HCOOH. Five of the ten non-bonding electrons on the HCOOH Lewis structure, which is supported by two oxygen atoms, are lone pair electrons. There are three lone pair electrons on one oxygen atom and two on another oxygen atom. As a result, there are five lone electron pairs altogether in the HCOOH Lewis structure.
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Draw as many Lewis structures of C4H8 as possible. Every Lewis structure should include one double bond between 2 C atoms.
The possible Lewis structures of C₄H₈ with every Lewis structure include one double bond between 2C atoms is attached as a picture.
The alkene butene, often known as butylene, has the chemical formula C₄H₈. Any of the several chemicals may be referred to by the word "butene." They are odorless gases that are found in crude oil in trace amounts that are insufficient for practical extraction. Therefore, butene is produced through the catalytic cracking of long-chain hydrocarbons left behind after crude oil has been refined. Fractional distillation is used to separate the butene from a mixture of products created by cracking.
There are five different constitutional isomers that can be formed using the formula C₄H₈. But-1-ene, but-2-ene, 2-Methylpropane, Cyclobutane, methylcyclopropane.
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11) Choose the best Lewis structure for NO3 . A) B) C) D) E) 12) Identify the number of electron groups around a molecule with a trigonal bipyramidal shape. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 13) Determine the electron geometry (eg) and molecular geometry(mg) of BC13. A) eg trigonal planar, mg trigonal planar C) eg tetrahedral, D) eg-trigonal planar, mg bent E) eg trigonal bipyramidal, mg trigonal bipyramidal 14) Determine the electron geometry (eg) and molecular geometry (mg) of SiF A) eg-tetrahedral, mg-trigonal pyramidal B) eg octahedral, mg square planar C) eg trigonal bipyramidal, mg-trígonal pyramidal D) eg tetrahedral, mg bent E) eg tetrahedral, mg tetrahedral
11. The Lewis structure of [tex]NO_{3}[/tex] can see in the Attachment.
12. The number of electron groups around a molecule with a trigonal bipyramidal shape is 5.
13. The electron geometry (eg) and molecular geometry (mg) of [tex]BCl_{3}[/tex] is
eg = trigonal planar, mg = trigonal planar
Thus, the correct answers are
11. C
12. E
13. There is no correct options in the question.
How do we find the number of electron groups?The “Electron Group” geometry of eаch centrаl аtom in а structure cаn be determined by simply counting the number of “groups” of electrons аround the аtom, then considering how those groups would аrrаnge themselves to be аs fаr аpаrt аs possible.
The structure [tex]BCl_{3}[/tex] moleculаr geometry is trigonаl plаnаr. The bond аngle is 120°. The centrаl аtom аlso hаs а symmetric chаrge аround it аnd the molecule is non-polаr.
Your question number 13 is incomplete, but most probably your full question can see in the Attachment.
Thus, the correct answer for question number 13 is A.
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What materials are needed to test if a sample compound is ionic?
Answer:
You have these materials the solid compound a glass container a spoon and a conductivity apparatus.
Explanation:
what is the difference between the electron domain geometry of a molecule and its molecular geometry?
The fundamental distinction between electron domain geometry and molecular geometry is that electron geometry is found by taking both lone electron coordinates and bonds in the atom while molecular geometry is found utilizing just the bonds present in the atom.
Electron domain geometry is the state of a particle anticipated by considering both bond electron matches and solitary electron matches. The VSEPR hypothesis expresses that electron matches situated around a specific molecule repulse one another. These electron matches can be either holding electrons or non-holding electrons.
Molecular geometry is the state of a molecule anticipated by considering just bond electron matches. For this situation, lone electron matches are not considered. Also, two fold bonds and triple bonds are considered as single bonds.
Electron geometry is found by taking both the lone electron pairs and the bonds in a molecule whereas molecular geometry is found by using only the bonds present in the molecule.
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During mr. Nye's science class, students were expected to identify various substances using physical properties they could easily measure. Mr. Nye gave each of the five groups a green, metal cube and asked them to identify what the cube was made of. Matt's cube, after 5 trials, had an average density of 7. 40 g/cm3. His group's cube was made of.
Matt's cube, after 5 trials, had an average density of 7.40 g/cm3. From this data, Matt's group was able to determine that the cube was made of zinc.
Zinc is a silver-white metal that is commonly used for galvanizing, die-casting, and other industrial uses. It has a relatively low melting point compared to other metals, and its density is 7.14 g/cm3, making it a relatively dense metal. The average density of 7.40 g/cm3, as measured by Matt's group, is also slightly higher than the expected value of 7.14 g/cm3, possibly due to the presence of impurities in the alloy.
In order to identify the metal cube, Matt's group relied on the physical properties of the metal to make their determination. They measured the density of the cube and compared it to the expected values for various metals. By doing this, they were able to narrow down the possible metals to zinc, and their final determination was that the cube was made of zinc.
The experiment was a great success for Matt's group, as they were able to take the data they collected and accurately identify the metal the cube was made of. Through this experiment, Matt and his group were able to demonstrate their understanding of physical properties and how they can help identify various substances.
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a student is given 1.4799 g of pure cuo. to recover the cu present in the compound, the dark powdery solid was dissolved in 15.0 ml of 6 m hcl and the solution was diluted to 50.0 ml with water. how many grams of mg is needed to displace all of the copper (ii) ions from the solution?
It takes 0.4402 grams of magnesium to remove every copper (II) ion from the solution.
A substance's mole is equivalent to 6.022 x 1023 of that material (such as atoms, molecules, or ions). The term "Avogadro's number" or "Avogadro's constant" refers to the number 6.022 1023.
Calculation:1 mole of CuO has 1 mole of ions, then 0.01834 moles of CuO will have 0.01834 moles ofMg(s) + Cu² (aq) → Cu(s) + Mg²(aq)
According to reaction , 1 mole of copper (II) ion reacts with 1 mole of magnesium solid .
Then 0.01834 moles of copper (II) ion will react with :
1 × 0.01834 mol = 0.01834 mol of magnesium
Mass of 0.01834 moles of magnesium :
0.01834 mol × 24 g/mol = 0.4402 g
0.4402 grams of Mg is needed to displace all of the copper (II) ions from the solution.
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How many moles of K₂CO3 are in a 150.0 g sample
Answer:
1.08 mol
Explanation:
To find the number of moles of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) in a 150.0 g sample, you need to know the molar mass of K2CO3. The molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance, and it is expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).
The molar mass of K2CO3 is 138.20 g/mol. To find the number of moles in a 150.0 g sample, you can divide the mass of the sample by the molar mass:
Number of moles = mass / molar mass
= 150.0 g / 138.20 g/mol
= 1.08 mol
Therefore, there are 1.08 moles of K2CO3 in a 150.0 g sample.
Answer:
1.09 mol
Explanation:
The mass of K₂CO3 is 138
How
by calculating the individual molecular mass
K₂ + C + O3
= 2(39) + 12 + 3(16)
= 78 + 12 + 48
= 138g
formula for finding mole is
[tex]mole = \frac{given \: mass}{molar \: mass} [/tex]
[tex]mole = \frac{150}{138} [/tex]
mole = 1.0869565217
approximately
mole = 1.09 (2d.p)
i hope this helps
an engine that has been configured to run on propane (c 3h8) combusts with 20% excess air. a. write the balanced stoichiometric reaction and calculate the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. b. write the balanced reaction with 20% excess air and calculate the actual air/fuel ratio at which the engine is operating. c. calculate the equivalence ratio and discuss the result
When an air and fuel mixture has more gas than what is required for efficient combustion, a lean burn results.The ideal combustion ratio for burning propane entirely is 1 part propane (4%) to 24 parts air (96%).
If the area has a cold snap while your propane tank is much less than 20% full, you may run out of propane faster than you expect.If there isn't any propane, your house won't be warm.Without heat, your home is dangerous and uncomfortably cold.Additionally, it's possible for your pipes to freeze or explode.
A 20 pound gas tank can it explode?Yes, they could, although this usually only applies to the portable, 20-lb grilling tanks, not the larger ones.A warm summer day can easily raise temperatures.Even as the portable propane tank warms up, the pressure will rise.
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Which storage practice can cause cross contamination?
Incorrect storage of food items can cause cross contamination.
What is Contamination?
Contamination is the presence of a pollutant or a foreign substance in an environment, such as air, water, or soil, which can have a negative impact on the surrounding environment and the organisms that live in it. Contamination can occur naturally or be caused by human activities, such as the release of chemicals, oil, or other hazardous materials into the environment.
This could include storing raw food items above cooked or ready-to-eat items in a refrigerator, improperly covering and sealing food items, and not properly labeling food items.
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What is the accurate Lewis Structure for CH3CH2COOH?
The accurate lewis structure for a CH₃CH₂COOH molecule is in the image attached to this answer.
Lewis structure is a very simplified representation of a molecule. It was introduced in 1916 by Gilbert N. Lewis. Lewis structure shows a molecule, what atoms it's composed of, where each atom is located, the bonds between each atoms, and whether there is any excess electrons or not.
In the Lewis structure of a CH₃CH₂COOH molecule, you can see that:
There are 5 number of C - H bonds.There is 1 O - H bond.There are 2 C- C- bonds.There are 3 C - O bonds.There are four unshared pairs of excess electrons.Learn more about lewis structure at https://brainly.com/question/20300458
What are the four 4 main ways that enzymes can bind catalyze a reaction?
The four main ways that enzymes can bind to and catalyze a reaction: Lock and Key Model, Induced Fit Model, Multi-Substrate Model, Cofactor Model.
Lock and Key Model: In this model, the enzyme has a specific active site that fits the shape of the substrate like a lock fits a key. The substrate fits into the active site, and the enzyme catalyzes the reaction.
Induced Fit Model: In this model, the enzyme's active site is flexible and changes shape slightly to fit the substrate. The substrate and enzyme still fit together specifically, but the active site changes shape slightly to better accommodate the substrate.
Multi-Substrate Model: In this model, the enzyme has multiple active sites and can bind to and catalyze the reaction of multiple substrates simultaneously.
Cofactor Model: In this model, the enzyme requires an additional molecule, called a cofactor, to catalyze the reaction. The cofactor may be a metal ion or a small organic molecule, and it binds to the enzyme to increase its activity.
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explain the statement, the standard electrode of zinc is -0.76 v
The standard electrode of zinc is -0.76 V means that the zinc electrode behaves as an anode.
The negative sign of the standard potential suggests that when the electrode is attached to the Standard Hydrogen electrode (SHE) it behaves as an anode. Oxidation takes places at anode. Standard electrode potential is the potential measured for the half cell against the Standard electrode at the standard conditions.
Therefore, the standard electrode of zinc is -0.76 V means that the Zinc electrode behaves as an anode and oxidation occur at this electrode.
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What will be the ratio of the root mean square speeds of the molecules of an ideal gas at 270K and 30K?
The ratio of the root mean square of the molecules of an ideal gas at 270K and 30K
Vrms/ V'rms = √ T/T' = √270/30= 3:1
What is formula to calculate RMS?The root mean square of the molecules is given by
Vrms= √3RT/m
T is the temperature
m is the mass of the molecules
R is the Gas constant
Calculation:In the question, it is given
T = 270K
T'= 30K
Thus, applying the above formula
Vrms (T) = √3R × 270/m
Vems(T') = √3R×30/m
Dividing the two
Vrms(T) / Vrms(T') = √270/30=√9= 3
Hence, the ratio of the RMS of molecules of an ideal gas at 270K and 30K
Vrms/ V'rms = √ T/T' = √270/30= 3:1
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name one substance formed when phosphorus smoulders is in excess oxygen
Answer:
Phosphorus pentoxide when phosphorus smoulders in excess oxygen produces phosphorus pentoxide; this is a very strong oxidizer and can catch fire easily.
Explanation:
When phosphorus smoulders in excess Oxygen it reacts with the oxygen to form Phosphorus pentoxide, a strong oxidizing agent, which makes it catch fire easily if there is any contact with other flammable materials.
draw the two resonance lewis structures for TeO2
Two-resonance Lewis structure for TeO₂ can be seen on attached file. Resonance structures are a representation of a single polyatomic that contain two or more Lewis structures.
What is Lewis structure?
Lewis structure is a simple representation of how electrons position around every atom in a molecule. It is also can be define as a portrayal of valence electron in the molecule. Here is the step to draw the Lewis structure:
Determine valence electrons in the molecule. base on periodic table Te has 6 valences and O has 6 valencesDraw the structure that connect all atom. The draw will be O - Te - OAdd a solo pair of electrons. Solo pair will be 3 on each O and 1 on Te. If there is remaining electrons, use it to complete the octet in the central atom by make a double bound on it. Since Te Has 6 valences, We will add 2 more connection to central from O - Te - O to O = Te = O Establish the normal charge of all atom. To calculate it you can use formula: group number of atom - half number of electrons that bound - number of solo pair electrons. See the attached file.Learn more about Lewis structure here
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How many moles of O2 are used to produce 4 moles of NO?
The number of moles of O₂ used to produce 4 moles of NO is 2 moles
How do I determine the mole of O₂ used?First, shall write the balanced equation. This is given below:
N₂ + O₂ -> 2NO
From the balanced equation above,
2 moles of NO were obtained from 1 mole of O₂
With the above information, we can determine the number of moles of O₂ used to produce 4 moles of NO. This can be obtained as follow:
From the balanced equation above,
2 moles of NO were obtained from 1 mole of O₂
Therefore,
4 moles of NO will be obtain from = (4 × 1) / 2 = 2 moles of O₂
Thus, number of mole of O₂ used is 2 moles
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What are the factors that affect cleaning and sanitizing efficiency?
Duration, temperature, mechanical treatment, chemical reaction, and methods are the five main aspects that influence cleaning and are all equally crucial.
What aspects of sanitization influence them?Ground conditions, notably groundwater level, soil permeability, and soil stability, are significant factors in the selection of sanitation technology.
What three things must be taken into account when cleaning and sanitizing?The following three things need to be taken into account:Concentration: If there is insufficient sanitizer present, hazardous germs won't be sufficiently reduced.A lot of it can be harmful.Chemical sanitizers typically function best in liquid that is between 55°F (13°C) and 120°F in temperature (49oC).
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Who did Cupid fall in love with?
Instead, Cupid fell in love with Psyche to the point where he married her, but only under a condition that she never see his face.Psyche eventually gave in to her curiosity and sneaked a glimpse, sending Cupid running in rage.
How did Psyche become Cupid's love interest?In order for Psyche to fall in love to something repulsive, Cupid is dispatched to shoot her with an arrow.Instead, he uses his own dart to scratch himself, which makes anything that is alive fall in loves with the very first thing he sees.He consequently breaks his mother's command because he is so in love with Psyche.
Who was the wife of Cupid?Eros (Roman Cupid), the deity of love, and his wife PSYKHE (Psyche), the goddess of a soul.She was originally a mortal princess, and when mankind started to worship her instead of the goddess Aphrodite (Roman Venus), the goddess became enraged.
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what is the total number of valence electrons in the lewis structure of xeo4? electrons 2 question content area draw a lewis structure for xeo4. do not include overall ion charges or formal charges in your drawing. if the species contains oxygen, do not draw double bonds to oxygen unless they are needed in order for the central atom to obey the octet rule.
Total number of valence electrons in the Lewis structure of XeO4 is 32.
Valence electrons are electrons that located in the outermost electron shell of an atom. These electrons, being the furthest from the nucleus and thus the least tightly held by the atom, are the electrons that participate in bonds.
Lewis structure - A Lewis Structure is a very simplified representation of the valence shell electrons in a molecule. It is used to show how the electrons are arranged around individual atoms in a molecule.
Lewis structure of XeO4 is made up of one xenon and four oxygen atom, the xenon is in a central position, and all oxygen is at the surrounding position. There are four double bonds(Xe=O) present in the XeO4 lewis structure. The lewis structure of XeO4 contains 8 pairs of nonbonding electrons and 8 pairs of bonding electrons.
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What is the correct formula to use in calculating the freezing point depression?
The freezing point depression formula is ΔTf = Kf ·m, where ΔTf is the freezing point depression, Kf is the cryoscopic constant, and m is the molality of the solution.
The temperature when a liquid changes into a solid is known as the freezing point.. It is the temperature at which the molecules of the liquid become less active and form a solid structure. For a given substance, the freezing point is usually the same as the melting point, the temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid.Other substances have different freezing points; for example, oxygen freezes at -218°C (-361°F) and hydrogen at -259°C (-434°F). Freezing point is an important concept in the study of thermodynamics, as it is the point at which the energy of a system changes form and the phase of the substance changes.
ΔTf is the difference between the freezing point of the pure solvent and the freezing point of the solution. Kf is the change in freezing point per mole of solute. m is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
In other words, the freezing point depression formula can be used to calculate the freezing point of a solution based on the freezing point of the pure solvent and the molality of the solute.
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